Persian Literature

Anecdote is one of the most widely used types of stories in the language of mysticism. However, until the 4th century, which is the century when mystical stories were established, we ... Read More

Research Paper

The Effect of Double Reading of Poetry on Its Grammatical, Rhetorical and Semantic Structure

Alireza Nabilou

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 15-34

Abstract

How to read a poem affects its grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structure; This reading casts a shadow on all parts of the poem whether it is under the influence of ambiguity and ... Read More How to read a poem affects its grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structure; This reading casts a shadow on all parts of the poem whether it is under the influence of ambiguity and confusion or under the influence of changing the tone of the words. Some poems have two types of readings and two types of interpretation for different reasons, and this leads to different perceptions of that poem. The purpose of the present research is to investigate this important matter. Another goal of this research is to show the necessity of paying attention to the difference in the reading of poems, that is, we should not read all the texts of Persian verse and poetry in the same way. Especially in poetry, more attention should be paid to grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structure.The present research is descriptive and analytical, based on library sources, after studying the divan of poems of several Persian poets, verses that have double readings were extracted and analyzed in three grammatical, rhetorical and semantic levels. It has been classified and analyzed.According to the topics proposed in this research, the role and effect of double reading in creating different grammatical, rhetorical and semantic structures in poems was discussed and it was determined that the verses that have two types of reading at the lexical and syntactic-sentential level are under the influence of each of readings, they can induce double impressions to the reader. This causes changes in three grammatical, rhetorical and semantic levels and gives at least dual analyses. At the grammatical level, each of the readings may change the grammatical role and type; At the rhetorical level, it causes double rhetorical interpretations, and at the semantic level, it causes two relatively different meanings from verses. Therefore, paying attention to the correct form of reading leads to a more correct understanding of grammar, rhetoric and meaning, and neglecting this can cause wrong and incorrect perceptions.

Research Paper

Introducing Hudai Afendi’s Translation of the Mushaf No. 20: Analyzing Some Points in the Variant Readings of Quran

MohammadHossein Jafaritabar; Alireza Hajian Nejad

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 35-67

Abstract

The significance of research in old translations of Quran is evident to scholars in various facets, ranging from the linguistic benefits in the history of Persian language to various ... Read More

Research Paper

Translation and Frequency Measurement of Persian Morphemes in the First Ten Stanzas of the Terki̇b-bend of Bağdatlı Ruhî

Abdoreza Seif; Mahmoud Fazilat; Mohammad Hassan Gholami

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 69-88

Abstract

The interactions between languages are very common. The languages that are connected with political power, social dynamics and cultural ability have wider effects on their neighboring ... Read More The interactions between languages are very common. The languages that are connected with political power, social dynamics and cultural ability have wider effects on their neighboring languages. Iranian languages have enjoyed such a position for many centuries, both before and after the arrival of Islam in Iran. The existence of numerous elements of Sogdian, Pahlavi and Persian languages in different languages shows this. The Persian language, as one of the most important and influential languages of the Islamic world, has had a wide impact on other languages of this vast geography throughout its long history. Indeed, after Iranians accepted Islam, the Persian language found a privileged position among the languages of Islamic culture and civilization and became a medium for transferring religious topics and words to other non-Arab Muslim societies. In such a way that even many Arabic words found their way to other languages, not directly but through the Persian language. The role of Iranians in the bureaucracy system of Islamic societies and the formation of a rich literature were other factors that made other Muslims pay attention to this language. The Ottoman Turkish is one of the languages that has received the most linguistic, intellectual and literary influences from Iranian culture and Persian language. Turkic languages are a group of languages that have been influenced by the Persian language to different degrees and have also had some effects on it. When Divan literature, which was based on Islamic culture and Persian language and literature, was formed, the frequency of Arabic and Persian words in the Ottoman Turkish language increased highly. For example, the frequencies of such words in the poetries of Nef’i and Baki have been estimated at 60% and 65% respectively. This increase in Divan poetry reached such a point that sometimes only verbs were expressed in Turkish. With the beginning of the era of reforms and the increase of western and archaistic ideas in Anatolia, especially after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the rejection of eastern values intensified and extensive measures were taken to purify Turkish language in this country. In this way, many Arabic and Persian words were discarded and Turkish equivalents were found or created for them. Despite this, nowadays, many Arabic and Persian words, combinations, grammatical elements and expressions can still be observed in Turkish language; although their frequency has undoubtedly decreased compared to Ottoman Turkish. In this research, in addition to translating the first ten stanzas of the famous Terki̇b-bend of Bağdatlı Ruhî into Persian, we use the statistical analysis and frequency measurement method to calculate the influence of the Persian language on this sample of Ottoman Turkish lyrical poetry at the morpheme level. The findings of this research show that more than one fifth of the morphemes in this text are borrowed from Persian. There are also important intellectual common aspects between Persian literature and the aforementioned poetry.

Research Paper

An Archetypal Criticism of the Character of "Driyōš" in the Story of the Nooshafarin Gohartaj

Saeed Vaez; Zahra Manouchehry

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 89-110

Abstract

The word "driyōš" means poor, needy, beggar, destitute. Also, driyōš refers to ascetics and mystics who are devout from the world and worldly belongings. Therefore, ... Read More The word "driyōš" means poor, needy, beggar, destitute. Also, driyōš refers to ascetics and mystics who are devout from the world and worldly belongings. Therefore, a driyōš refers to a person who, willingly or unwillingly, has nothing and is poor. Of course, "true driyōš" is needy, eager and in need of God. The attribute of such a driyōš is contentment and satisfaction. This study seeks to investigate the character of Driyōš in the story of Noosh Afarin GoharTaj, based on Jung's archetypal theory, and to present a new reading of this story, which leads to the understanding of the instinctive, cultural and idealistic substrata of Iranian society at a particular time. Analyzing the character of Driyōš as a key character in this story and his psychological truth can strengthen this goal; at the same time, it is also a confirmation of the importance of popular stories from Jung's point of view. The research method is a qualitative and quantitative analysis that was formed based on library sources. There are seven characters in this story that can be matched with the character of "Driyōš". These characters can be generally divided into three categories: the hero (self-willed poor), the hero's helper (the true Driyōš), and the anti-hero (Non-Driyōš). The archetypal roles of Driyōš in order of frequency in this story are "self, mask, hero, wise old man, animus and shadow". The character of "Driyōš" has been a positive and respectable character in general. The roles played by this character in the story present him with a likable and ideal face: a savior hero and a pious person with dignity who solves all problems and has a function like the saints of God. The prince (the one who is going to be the king in the future) and pious generous (the religious leader of the community) as the two main pillars of the country, both are driyōš-character and Shiite-religion. The enemy of the hero/prince can be compared to the ostentatious and hypocritical here Driyōšoid. In the end, the prince forms a new and ideal government with the guidance of pious. According to the results of the research, it shows how concepts derived from popular belief, people's unconscious needs and desires, and the political-cultural structure of society affect the characterization of the story (here Driyōš type). Also, the story has emphasized on a certain type of lifestyle, i.e. laziness and abandoning dependencies, trust, relationship and reconciliation of man with the surrounding world (nature and animals) and patience in reaching the goal; And the way and custom of Driyōš is the main way to reach the purpose and knowledge. But it should be noted that these stories are popular, and mysticism and driyōš religion in them are very superficial.

Research Paper

Realism and Illusory Realism, the Basis of the Formation of Dual Confrontations in the Stories of K‌‌ahram's Worries and Colorless Buttons, by Hasan Farhangfar

Nasrin Asadpoor; Aliakbar Bagheri Khalili

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 111-131

Abstract

Hassan Farhangfar, Gilani's contemporary writer, is known in the realm of novels and short stories. Farhang-Far's effort to purify the society from class distance, cultural backwardness ... Read More

Research Paper

Social-Cultural Discourse of Wasef Bakhtari’s Poems

Nematollah Iranzadeh; Mohammad Shahpoor Qadery

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 133-153

Abstract

In critical discourse analysis, linguistic concerns and connections between discourses are examined in light of social and cultural frameworks and power dynamics in an effort to uncover ... Read More

Research Paper

Investigating the Effect of Animism on Interpretability in the Poems of Yadollah Royaee Based on the Theory of Reception

Fatemeh Modarresi; hadi tite; mahsa imani

Volume 13, Issue 1 , November 2023, Pages 155-165

Abstract

Yadollah Royaei is one of the poets and theorists of volume poetry or spasmantalism in whose nature nature has a significant presence. A dreamer looks at nature as an independent human ... Read More

Articles in Press

Current Issue

Volume 13 (2023)

Volume 12 (2022)

Volume 11 (2021)

Volume 10 (2020)

Volume 9 (2019)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2013)

Volume 1 (2011)

Volume & Issue: Volume 13, Issue 1 - Serial Number 31, November 2023, Pages 1-160

The Roots of Anecdote in The Language of Mysticism until the End of the Third Century (Based on The Works of Shaqiq, Hares Mohasebi, Nouri, Kharraz, Junaid)

Abstract

The Effect of Double Reading of Poetry on Its Grammatical, Rhetorical and Semantic Structure

Abstract

Introducing Hudai Afendi’s Translation of the Mushaf No. 20: Analyzing Some Points in the Variant Readings of Quran

Abstract

Translation and Frequency Measurement of Persian Morphemes in the First Ten Stanzas of the Terki̇b-bend of Bağdatlı Ruhî

Abstract

An Archetypal Criticism of the Character of "Driyōš" in the Story of the Nooshafarin Gohartaj

Abstract

Realism and Illusory Realism, the Basis of the Formation of Dual Confrontations in the Stories of K‌‌ahram's Worries and Colorless Buttons, by Hasan Farhangfar

Abstract

Social-Cultural Discourse of Wasef Bakhtari’s Poems

Abstract

Investigating the Effect of Animism on Interpretability in the Poems of Yadollah Royaee Based on the Theory of Reception

Abstract